A 1031 exchange is a swap of one investment property for another that allows capital gains taxes to be deferred. The term comes from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) code Section 1031. A The properties being exchanged must be considered like-kind in the eyes of the IRS for capital gains taxes to be deferred. If used correctly, there is no limit on how many times or how frequently you can do 1031 exchanges.
Private Real Estate Investing Terms
Private investing can be impactful to an investors financial future but it can also be a challenge at times to follow all of the terminology used in the private investing space. Below we explain real estate terms and concepts that might not be as common place to investors.
INVESTMENT STRUCTURE TERMS
A real estate “syndication” is the pooling of funds from many passive investors to purchase income-producing real estate. A passive investor has one role: investing cash in a solicited real estate investment for a specified return. Unlike real estate crowdfunding, real estate syndications usually offer higher upside potential. For an experienced investor, real estate syndications are an attractive alternative to diversify an otherwise low-risk portfolio.
There are three phases of syndication: origination, operation, and liquidation. The origination phase usually lasts several months from property identification to close of escrow including performing due diligence, obtaining financing, and closing the deal. The operation phase can take several years and includes executing the business plan created in the origination phase, usually alongside a professional property manager and other contractors. The liquidation phase involves a “liquidity event” that returns capital to the investors, either the sale of the asset or refinancing of the loan.
What is a subscription document?
A subscription agreement defines the terms for an investor's application to join a limited partnership. It is a two-way guarantee between a company and a shareholder, or subscriber. The company agrees to sell a certain number of shares or units at a specific price and, in return, the subscriber promises to buy the shares or units at the predetermined price.
Rules for subscription agreements are generally defined in SEC Rule 506(b) and 506(c) of Regulation D allowing companies doing specific types of private placements to raise capital without needing to register the securities with the SEC.
What is an exit strategy?
An exit strategy is a contingency plan that is executed by an investor or sponsor, to liquidate a position in a financial asset or dispose of tangible business assets once predetermined criteria for either has been met or exceeded.
An exit strategy may be executed when an investment or business venture has met its profit objective. An effective exit strategy should be planned for every positive and negative contingency as an integral part of determining the risk associated with the investment.
Investment Entity Terms
What is an accredited investor?
An “accredited investor” is a category of person permitted to participate in certain unregistered securities offerings. A simple way to think of the line-drawing exercise the SEC is engaged in here is that the more capable an investor is of fending for him/herself in an offering, and the more able an investor of withstanding a complete loss on the investment, the less the SEC is concerned about mandating the obligations of a public reporting company on an issuer.
For natural persons, an “accredited investor” is anyone who has either: (1) earned income that exceeded $200,000 (or $300,000 together with a spouse) in each of the prior two years, and reasonably expects the same for the current year, or (2) a net worth of over $1 million, either alone or together with a spouse (excluding the value of the person’s primary residence). There are other exemptions based on financial sophistication, but these thresholds are the most generic in terms of determining accreditation status.
For entities, there are a number of tests to determine whether the entity in question is accredited. For the most part, if the entity has over $5 million in total assets or all of the owners of the entity are accredited, then the entity will be deemed to be accredited.
What is a RIA (Registered Investment Advisor)?
A Registered Investment Advisor (RIA) is a person or firm who advises high-net-worth individuals on investments and manages their portfolios. RIAs have a fiduciary duty to their clients, which means they have a fundamental obligation to provide investment advice that always acts in their clients' best interests. As the first word of their title indicates, RIAs are required to register either with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or state securities administrators.
What is a limited partner or LP?
A real estate limited partnership is a group of investors who pool their money to invest in property purchasing, development, or leasing. The general partner assumes full liability and one or more limited partners who are liable only up to the amount they contribute. The general partner is usually a corporation, an experienced property manager, or a real estate development firm. The limited partners are outside investors who provide financing in exchange for an investment return.
In a LP, a general partner manages the partnership entity and brings in limited partners using a subscription agreement. Candidates subscribe to become limited partners. After meeting standard requirements, the general partner decides whether to accept the candidate.
What is a general partner or GP?
A general partner is one of two or more investors who jointly own a business that is structured as a partnership, and who assumes a day-to-day role in managing it. A general partner has the authority to act on behalf of the business without the knowledge or permission of the other partners. General partners typically bring specialized knowledge and skills to the partnership and contribute to its pool of contacts and clients. The IRS doesn't require partnerships to pay corporate taxes on profits. Instead, each partner receives their share of the profits as income and file and pay their own taxes.
What is an LLC?
A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is one type of legal entity that can be formed to own and operate a business. An LLC is allowed by state statute and each state may use different regulations. LLCs are very popular because they provide the same limited liability as a corporation, but are easier and cheaper to form and run. Most private real estate investments are structured as LLCs where the investor will buy units in the LLC as a limited partner.
Owners of an LLC are called members. A few types of businesses generally cannot be LLCs, such as banks and insurance companies.
Investment Financial Terms
What is an Internal Rate of Return (IRR)?
When investing in real estate, it is important to understand how the property could increase in value or yield income, as well as the amount of time it would take to recognize those gains. To determine potential profits, it is important to account for the “time value of money,” or how the value of money changes over time based on inflation, opportunity cost, and risk. Future profits must be “discounted” in order to calculate the present value, as money is understood to depreciate over time. IRR is a discounted cash flow analysis at which the net present value of an investment or project is zero, or the rate at which a project breaks even.
What is a Multiple on Invested Capital (multiple)?
The multiple on invested capital, or MOIC, is an investment return metric that compares an investment's current value to the amount of money an investor initially put into it. It is most often used with illiquid real estate investments, such as private equity investments or crowdfunded and syndicated real estate investment deals. It's important to consider both the realized and unrealized returns of the investment. In addition, it's important to only consider net investment value, meaning the amount of equity you own. As an example, if a $100,000 investment was returned upon liquidation with an additional $90,000 of profit the total distribution would be $190,000. The multiple on this example would be shown as 1.9x.
What is a cash-on-cash return?
A cash-on-cash return is a metric normally used to measure commercial real estate investment performance. It is a rate of return that measures the annual return the investor made on the property in relation to the amount of mortgage paid during the same year. It can be used as a forecasting tool to set a target for projected earnings and expenses. Cash-on-cash return analysis is often used for investment properties that involve long-term debt borrowing.
What is a waterfall?
Waterfalls are a financial structure that dictates how returns on a real estate investment are distributed to investors. For passive investors, cash distributions will typically flow according to a waterfall distribution schedule. The structure largely depends on the nature of the deal, including the investment timeline and certain return hurdles. Typical waterfall structures will have an initial preferred return paid to investors followed by a split of profits between the GP and the LP investors. Often there are return hurdles that will change the splits on distributions once the return hurdle is met. Thus, the analogy of a waterfall.
What are distributions?
A distribution generally refers to the disbursement of assets from a fund, account, or individual security to an investor. The income generated from an investment trust or real estate property is awarded to investors, typically as a monthly or quarterly distribution.
What is a Cap Rate?
The capitalization rate (cap rate) is used in commercial real estate to indicate the rate of return that is expected to be generated on a real estate investment property. This measure is computed based on the net income which the property is expected to generate and is calculated by dividing net operating income by property asset value and is expressed as a percentage. It is used to estimate the investor's potential return on their investment in the real estate market.
What is the difference between a 1099 and a K-1?
A 1099 form reflects income paid by other businesses to a contractor, vendor or freelancer. A K-1 reflects income for a partner from a co-owned business such as investments in LLCs and partnerships and often pay out more of their cash flows because of their legal structures. In some cases, a share of the losses, deductions, and credits provide numerous potential tax benefits to partnership structures. Both K-1 and 1099 forms show reportable taxable income.
What is net operating income (NOI)?
Net operating income (NOI) is a calculation used to analyze the profitability of income-generating real estate investments. NOI equals all revenue from the property, minus all reasonably necessary operating expenses.
NOI is a before-tax figure, appearing on a property’s income and cash flow statement, that excludes principal and interest payments on loans, capital expenditures, depreciation, and amortization. When this metric is used in other industries, it is referred to as “EBIT,” which stands for "earnings before interest and taxes". NOI will indicate to a property owner if renting a property is worth the expense of owning and maintaining it.
Investment Class Terms
What is the difference between private real estate and public real estate?
Private real estate investing is the use of private individuals’ money (not a corporation’s funds) to purchase privately held real estate assets, usually meant for commercial use.
A Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) is a company owning or financing income-producing real estate and are often publicly traded. Both private real estate investments and REITs are organized pools of capital invested in real estate.
The minimums are typically higher for private real estate investments since there are fewer people investing per project, while REITs typically have a low investment threshold. Private real estate typically has a low correlation to the public stock market.
What is commercial real estate?
Commercial real estate is property that is used exclusively for business-related purposes or income-generating purposes. This broad category of real estate can include office space, industrial, multi-family rentals, and retail. Commercial real estate provides rental income as well as potential capital appreciation for investors. Investing in commercial real estate usually requires more sophistication and larger amounts of capital from investors than does residential real estate.
What is multifamily real estate?
A multifamily home is any residential property that contains more than one housing unit, such as a duplex, a townhome or an apartment complex. Units can be next to each other or stacked on top of each other. A multifamily home is also referred to as a “multi-dwelling unit” or MDU.
What is Industrial real estate?
Industrial real estate refers to properties used to develop, manufacture, or produce goods and products, as well as logistics real estate that supports the movement and storage of products and goods. Industrial real estate covers a broad group of properties types, including office space, light manufacturing facilities, food manufacturing temperature-controlled facilities, warehouses, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, and last-mile delivery stations. There are three classes of properties: A, B, and C.
What is a triple-net lease or a NNN lease?
A triple net lease (triple-net or NNN) is a lease agreement on a property commonly found in commercial real estate. With a triple-net lease, the tenant or lessee promises to pay all the expenses of the property, including real estate taxes, building insurance, and maintenance in addition to the cost of rent and utilities. Triple net leased properties have become popular investment vehicles for investors because they provide low-risk, steady income.
What is a 1031 exchange?
A 1031 exchange is a swap of one investment property for another that allows capital gains taxes to be deferred. The term comes from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) code Section 1031. A The properties being exchanged must be considered like-kind in the eyes of the IRS for capital gains taxes to be deferred. If used correctly, there is no limit on how many times or how frequently you can do 1031 exchanges.
What is an Opportunity Zone?
Opportunity Zones are tax incentives to encourage those with capital gains to invest in low-income and undercapitalized communities. the program provides three tax benefits for investing unrealized capital gains in Opportunity Zones:
- Temporary deferral of taxes on previously earned capital gains. Investors can place existing assets with accumulated capital gains into Opportunity Zone Funds. Those existing capital gains are not taxed until the end of 2026 or when the asset is disposed of.
- For capital gains placed in Opportunity Zone Funds for at least 5 years, investors’ basis on the original investment increases by 10 percent if invested by Dec 31, 2021.
- Permanent exclusion of taxable income on new gains. For investments held for at least 10 years, investors pay no taxes on any capital gains produced through their investment in Opportunity Zone Funds (the investment vehicle that invests in Opportunity Zones).
What is a DST (Delaware Statutory Trust)?
A DST, or Delaware Statutory Trust, qualifies as a replacement property for a 1031 Tax-Deferred Exchange. DSTs are syndicated and institutional, and must be purchased through a Registered Investment Advisor or a Broker Dealer. The buyer must be an accredited investor who understands the risks associated with illiquid investments.
DST(s) satisfy those investors who no longer want an active role in income producing real estate and are ready for a passive role with tax-favored income. An investor can sell their property and defer all capital gains using a 1031 exchange and a DST as replacement property. The investor must use a Qualified Intermediary and follow IRS rules and regulations.
DST’s allow for a fractionalized interest in a trust structure allowing a smaller investor to own properties that they never could before simply because of the sheer size of the investment. In addition, the DST issues a pro-rata operating statement at the end of the year, and investors enjoy the same tax advantages with depreciation and amortization that an investor would enjoy who owned the investment property wholly.
View Our Current Projects that are fully funded
Ongoing management of existing developments is crucial to providing the investor returns we’ve been able to produce in our full cycle projects. Here are the ongoing projects with some specifics that make them unique.
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*The information contained herein does not constitute an offer to sell nor is it a solicitation of an offer to purchase any security. Offers will only be made through a private placement memorandum to accredited investors and where permitted by law. Investments in the firm’s limited partnerships involve a high degree of risk, including the possible loss of your investment, and they are potentially illiquid with an uncertain liquidity date. Prospective investors should carefully review the “Risk Factors” section of any private placement memorandum. Past performance is not indicative of future results.
**BV Capital is a member of the Bridgeview family of companies based in Dallas, TX. BV Capital offers investments to existing private clients, broker dealers, registered investment advisors and family offices through BV Securities (FINRA / BROKERCHECK / Reg BI) as Bridgeview’s managing broker dealer. BV Capital manages the financial and administrative operations for Bridgeview and BV Securities offerings.**
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